Inclusion Criteria: The subject must have:

1. Diagnosis of early to moderate degenerative disc disease (DDD), Modified Pfirrmann
Grade 3-7.

2. Chronic low‑back pain for at least 6 months prior to screening; unresponsive to at
least 3 months of conservative care.

3. Low‑back pain of 40 to 90 mm on the VAS and ODI score of 30 to 90.

Exclusion Criteria: The subject is excluded if he/she has:

1. Symptomatic involvement of more than one lumbar disc.

2. Other persistent pain/nerve issues including, for example, radiculopathy, leg pain,
cauda equine syndrome, etc.

3. Fracture of the spine, previous lumbar spine surgery or previous treatment of the
target disc.

4. Evidence of dynamic instability on lumbar flexion‑extension radiographs.

5. Grade 2 or higher spondylolisthesis at the target disc, lumbar spondylitis or other
undifferentiated spondyloarthropathy, or Type III Modic changes around the target
disc.

6. Clinical suspicion of a full thickness annular tear at the target disc or other
abnormal disc morphology.

7. Clinical suspicion of facet pain as primary pain generator.

8. Subjects who test positive for communicable disease, have significant systemic
disease, or are prone to infection.

9. Patient who are deemed unsuitable for clinical study participation by the
investigator.

Inclusion Criteria:

– Subject is 18 years of age or older

– Subject had a spinal procedure where a dural opening (either intentional or
incidental) occurred and was treated with either:

– DuraSeal™ Exact Spine Sealant (DuraSeal™ Sealant group ONLY) OR

– Any other method of sealing the dura with the exception of DuraSeal™ Sealant
-either spinal or cranial. (Control group ONLY)

– Subject, or authorized representative, has been informed of the nature of the study
and has provided written informed consent approved by the appropriate Institutional
Review Board (IRB) of the respective clinical site prior to the collection of study
data.

– Prospective subjects: Consent must be obtained within 24 hours of surgery stop
time.

– Retrospective subjects (Control group specific): IRB approval may be granted to
individual sites to waive requirement for informed consent.

Exclusion Criteria:

– The investigator determines that the subject will not be able to comply with the
required follow-up visits (not required if subject is being enrolled retrospectively-
control group ONLY)

– Pregnant or breastfeeding females (as documented in the medical records; no testing
beyond the site’s standard of care is required)

Inclusion Criteria:

– A subject may be included if s/he meets the following criteria:

1. ≥18 years of age;

2. Able to give appropriate informed consent;

3. Willing and able to meet the proposed follow-up schedule;

4. Has documented diagnosis of up to, and including, Grade 1 spondylolisthesis
and/or degenerative disc disease;

5. Has given appropriate consent for, and undergoes, standard-of-care transforminal
or posterior lumber interbody fusion;

6. Use of InQu Bone Graft Extender on-label.

Exclusion Criteria:

1. Any prior lumbar fusion surgery;

2. Requires fusion surgery of more than two adjacent levels;

3. Has fusion surgery requiring titanium cages;

4. Has a systemic infection or has infection at the site of surgery;

5. Has a medical condition or requires post-operative medication that, in the opinion of
the investigator, may interfere with bony/soft tissue healing;

6. Has any physical, social, psychological or economic condition that, in the opinion of
the investigator, may preclude accurate data collection or evaluation.

Key Inclusion Criteria:

– Aged 16 – 70 years

– AIS A traumatic spinal cord injury at neurological spinal cord level T2-T12/L1

– Recent injury (must receive Scaffold within 96 hours from injury)

– Non-penetrating contusion injury no less than approximately 4 mm diameter by MRI

Key Exclusion Criteria:

– Incomplete spinal cord injury (AIS B, C, D, E)

– Terminally ill

– Spinal cord injury associated with traumatic brain injury

– Subject on long term mechanical ventilation

– Penetrating injuries

– Radiographic or visual evidence of parenchymal dissociation or anatomic transection
where the contusion completely bridges a full cross-section of the spinal cord

Inclusion Criteria:

– Subject must be scheduled to undergo an elective open posterior spinal fusion
procedures with multilevel instrumentation, 10 to 60 days after study vaccination.

– Subject must be available for the entire duration of the study, and able to comply
with scheduled visits, treatment plan, laboratory tests, and other study procedures
including completion of the electronic diary for 10 days after study vaccination.

– Aged 18 to <86 years old Exclusion Criteria: - Planned spinal fusion procedure requiring separate operations performed on separate days (ie, staged procedure). - Surgical indication of malignancy, infection or acute or emergency trauma. - History of major surgery within 3 months prior to enrollment, or anticipated major surgery other than the Index Surgical Procedure between study enrollment and completion of study participation. - History of any spinal surgery performed within 6 months prior to study enrollment. - History of any previous spinal surgery resulting in postoperative BSI or SSI. - Congenital or acquired immunodeficiency disorder, rheumatologic disorder or other illness requiring chronic treatment with known immunosuppressant medications, including monoclonal antibodies within a year of enrollment or the use of systemic corticosteroids for > 14 days within 30 days prior to enrollment.

– History of leukemia, lymphoma, underlying bone marrow disorder or history of bone
marrow transplant.

Major Inclusion Criteria:

– Sensorimotor complete, traumatic SCI (ASIA Impairment Scale A) for cohorts 1,2,3

– Sensorimotor incomplete, traumatic SCI (ASIA Impairment Scale B) for cohorts 4,5

– Last fully preserved single neurological level (SNL) from C-4 to C-7

– From 18 through 69 years of age at time of injury

– Single spinal cord lesion on a post-stabilization magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
scan, with sufficient visualization of the spinal cord injury epicenter and lesion
margins to enable post-injection safety monitoring

– Informed consent for this protocol and the companion long term follow-up protocol must
be provided and documented (i.e., signed informed consent forms) no later than 37 days
following injury

– Able to participate in an elective surgical procedure to inject AST-OPC1 21-42 days
following SCI

Major Exclusion Criteria:

– SCI due to penetrating trauma

– Traumatic anatomical transection or laceration of the spinal cord based on prior
surgery or MRI

– Any concomitant injury that interferes with the performance, interpretation or
validity of neurological examinations

– Inability to communicate effectively with neurological examiner such that the validity
of patient data could be compromised

– Significant organ damage or systemic disease that would create an unacceptable risk
for surgery or immunosuppression

– History of any malignancy (except non-melanoma skin cancers)

– Pregnant or nursing women

– Body mass index (BMI) > 35 or weight > 300 lbs.

– Active participation in another experimental procedure/intervention